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1

Renaissance and Exploration

Renaissance ideas, new monarchies, and overseas empires.

  1. 1The Italian Renaissance and HumanismUp next39 lessons
  2. 2The Northern Renaissance and the Printing PressCoverage growing
  3. 3New MonarchiesCoverage growing
  4. 4The Age of Exploration30 lessons
  5. 5The Commercial Revolution24 lessons
2

Age of Reformation

Religious division and wars of religion.

  1. 1The Protestant Reformation30 lessons
  2. 2The Wars of ReligionCoverage growing
  3. 3The Catholic Reformation26 lessons
  4. 416th-Century Society and ArtCoverage growing
3

Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Kings vs. parliaments, and the balance of power.

  1. 1Absolute Monarchy in France33 lessons
  2. 2Constitutionalism in England and the Dutch Republic11 lessons
  3. 3Mercantilism and the Balance of Power16 lessons
4

Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments

The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.

  1. 1The Scientific Revolution35 lessons
  2. 2The Enlightenment24 lessons
  3. 3Enlightened Absolutism and 18th-Century SocietyCoverage growing
5

Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century

Global markets, revolution, Napoleon, and Romanticism.

  1. 1Global Markets and Britain's RiseCoverage growing
  2. 2The French Revolution50 lessons
  3. 3Napoleon24 lessons
  4. 4The Congress of Vienna and RomanticismCoverage growing
6

Industrialization and Its Effects

The Industrial Revolution and the ideologies it produced.

  1. 1The Industrial Revolution in Europe26 lessons
  2. 2Social Effects of IndustrializationCoverage growing
  3. 3Conservatism and the Revolutions of 1848Coverage growing
  4. 419th-Century Ideologies16 lessons
7

19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments

Nationalism, unification, new science, and imperialism.

  1. 1Italian and German Unification36 lessons
  2. 2Darwinism, Modernity, and New ScienceCoverage growing
  3. 3New Imperialism20 lessons
8

20th-Century Global Conflicts

World wars, revolution, and totalitarianism.

  1. 1World War I and the Russian Revolution25 lessons
  2. 2Versailles and the Interwar CrisisCoverage growing
  3. 3Fascism, Totalitarianism, and World War II42 lessons
  4. 4The HolocaustCoverage growing
9

Cold War and Contemporary Europe

A divided Europe, its reunion, and today's challenges.

  1. 1The Cold War in Europe8 lessons
  2. 2The Fall of CommunismCoverage growing
  3. 3European Integration and Decolonization18 lessons
  4. 4Migration, Technology, and Globalization9 lessons