Europe from the Renaissance to the present: states, religion, revolution, industry, empire, and war.
Renaissance and Exploration
c. 1450 to c. 1648.
Age of Reformation
Religious upheaval.
Absolutism and Constitutionalism
c. 1648 to c. 1815.
Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments
The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.
Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century
The French Revolution and Napoleon.
Industrialization and Its Effects
c. 1815 to c. 1914.
19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments
Unification and imperialism.
20th-Century Global Conflicts
World wars and totalitarianism.
Cold War and Contemporary Europe
c. 1914 to present.